Johann Eck (November 13, 1486 – February 13, 1543) was a 16th century theologian and defender of Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation. It was Eck world health organization argued that a beliefs of Martin Luther and John Huss were similar.

Education and Post at Ingolstadt

Johann Eck (properly Johann Maier or even Mayr) a German Roman Catholic eristic, was innate at Eck (afterwards Egg, touching Memmingen, 43 miles south of Augsburg), Swabia. He died at Ingolstadt.

At a age of 12 he entered a University of Heidelberg, which he left in the ensuing month for Tübingen. When ingesting his master's degree around 1501, he began the learn of theology under Johann Jakob Lempp, & exposed a elements of Hebrew and political economy by owning Konrad Summenhart. He left Tübingen in 1501 on account of the plague & when a year at Cologne eventually settled at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, initially as a student of theology & law & late as a successful teacher. Within 1508 he entered the priesthood & deuce years late found his doctor's degree within theology.

At Freiburg within 1506 he published his first act, Ludicra logices exercitamenta & likewise proven himself the brilliant & subtle public speaker, although obsessed by an untamable controversial spirit & unrestrained powers of vitriol. Conflicting sustaining his colleagues, he was glad to assume the call for to the theological chair at Ingolstadt in November 1510, receiving at the equivalent period a honors & income of a canon at Eichstadt. Around 1512 he became prochancellor at the university & from either that period until his demise he was inside complete control of the destinies of Ingolstadt, around which he impressed the character of ultracatholicism which mass produced it a bulwark of the ancient faith in Germany.

His wide noesis uncovered expression inside many writings. In the theological field he produced his Chrysopassus (Augsburg, 1514), where he developed the Semi-Pelagian theory of predestination, while he found a select few fame when commentator on the Summulae of Peter of Spain and on Aristotle's De caelo and De anima. As a political economist he defended interest, despite the opposition of the bishop of Eichstadt.

Disputations with Luther and Karlstadt

When early when a spring of 1517 Eck got entered into friendly relations using Martin Luther, who experienced regarded him when consonant by owning his have views, however this illusion was short-transitory. Inside his Obelisci Eck attacked Luther's theses, which got been sent to him by Scheurl, and accused him of promoting a heresy of the Bohemian Brethren and of fostering anarchy in a Church. Luther replied within his Asterisci adversxes obeliseos Eccii, when Andreas Karlstadt defended Luther's views of indulgences and engaged inside the violent argument sustaining Eck.

a reciprocal want for the public disputation led to the compact between Eck & Luther by which the previous pledged himself to meet Karlstadt within debate at Erfurt or Leipzig, on affliction that Luther abstain from either completely participation in the discussion. Within December 1518, Eck published a xii theses which he was prepared to uphold against Karlstadt, however since it were aimed at Luther like than at a ostensible opponent, Luther addressed an open letter to Karlstadt, where he declared himself ready to meet Eck around debate.

A disputation between Eck & Karlstadt began at Leipzig on 27 June 1519. In a 1st 4 sessions Eck maintained the thesis that free will is a active agent in a creation of expert works, however he wwhen compelled by his opponent to modify his position therefore as to concede that the grace & yours free! might function harmonic toward the most common prevent. Karlstadt and then proceeded to prove that proficient works come to become ascribed to a professional of God alone, whereupon Eck yielded therefore far when to admit that free might is peaceful inside a beginning of conversion, although he maintained that around course of instance it enters into its rights; so that when the totality of adept works originates in God, their accomplishment is non completely the function of God.

Despite a fact that Eck was so virtually forced to abandon his position, he succeeded, across his practiced memory & his dialectical skill, inside confusing a big-witted Karlstadt & carried off a nominal triumph. He wwhen far less successful against Luther, world health organization, as Eck himself confessed, was his superior around memory, acumen, & learning. When the disputation lasting twenty-23 years (4 July–27 July), Eck was greeted as victor per theologist of the University of Leipzig, world health organization overwhelmed him sustaining honors & sent him away by owning gifts.

A impression by Eck upon his auditors when you took that momentous period can be better learned from either a account of the human-centered Peter of Moselle, who described him when tall, stout, & squarely built. His voice was to a full & rolling, & of an admirable quality for even an actor, or for a public crier, when a summation of his features would seem to argue a butcher or the agent soldier like than the theologizer. When far when his rational gifts were caring, he got a wondrous memory, which, inside case supplemented by more talents in rather proportion, would use at times manufactured him the wonder, however he lacked speed of apprehension & deep insight, & then that his people of arguments & citations were indiscriminate, and he was filled by having an impossible impudence though he experienced the cleverness to conceal it.

Attacks on Luther and Melanchthon

Shortly when his link to to Ingolstadt, Eck attempted to persuade Elector Frederick of Saxony to have Luther's works burned publicly, & when you took a month 1519 he published no less than eight writings against a recently movement. He failed, nevertheless, to obtain a condemning guide from either the universities appointive to pronounce on the effect of the Leipzig disputation. Erfurt returned a proceedings of the meeting to the Saxon duke forgoing signifying its approval, spell Paris, when recurrent urging, gave an ambiguous guide limited to "the doctrine of Luther so far as investigated". Eck's merely followers were a aged heretic-hunter Hoogstraten & Emser of Leipzig, together with a allied authorities of the universities of Cologne and Leuven. Luther returned Eck's assaults by owning to a higher degree equal vehemence & just about this instance Philipp Melanchthon wrote Œcolampadius that at Leipzig he had first become distinctly caring of a difference between avowedly Christian theology & the scholasticism of the Peripatetic doctors. Around his Excusatio (Wittenberg? 1519?) Eck, irritated all a thomas more because early in a season he experienced caused Erasmus to caution the immature theological student against precipitating himself into the religious conflict, retorted that Melanchthon uneducated person of theology. Around his reply to the Excusatio, Melanchthon proved that he was thoroughly versed around theology, & Eck fared however worse around October of the equivalent season, whenever he sought to help Emser by the strongly-worded broadside against Luther. Both biting irony, of these by Œcolampadius & a more by Wilibald Pirkheimer, stung him to a fury which would exist as satisfied by using nothing to a lesser degree a public burning of the entire literature in the market-place at Ingolstadt, an work from either which he was restrained by his colleague Reuchlin.

Papal Emissary and Inquisitor

Eck wwhen far sir thomas more extremely prestigious as a audacious champion of the admittedly faith at Rome than within Germany. Inside January 1520, he visited Italy at the invitation of Pope Leo X, to whom he presented his latest work De primate Petri adversus Ludderum (Ingolstadt, 1520) for which he was rewarded by owning a nomination to the professional of papal protonotary, although his efforts to urge the Curia to decisive action against Luther were abortive for some period.

In June 16, however, appeared a fateful bull Exurge Domine, where forty-1 propositions of Luther were condemned when heterodox or even inaccurate. Entrusted by having a publication of the bull around Germany, Eck returned at home, exclusively to buy how else quickly Luther experienced gained favor. At Meissen, Brandenburg, and Merseburg he succeeded in returning a pontifical measure due official publicity, however at Leipzig he was a object of the ridicule of the student person & was compelled to flee by nighttime to Freiberg, in which he was over again prevented from either proclaiming a bull. At Erfurt a students tore a instrument down & threw it into a a body of water, when within more wharehouses a apostolical edict was subjected to however greater insults.

At Vienna its publication found grave difficulties, & Eck got full stimulate to install a votive tablet to his patron saint upon his safe link to to Ingolstadt, although possibly there single a authority of the pontifical mandate manufactured the publication of the bull conceivable. This endure humiliatiin dollarfish, within smashing measure, to the fact that he got availed himself of the permission to pronounce the apostolical censure on large followers of the freshly movement besides Luther, & got so processed his professional a means of private retaliation. Eck's letter to Charles V, written in February 1521, seems to will have little outcome upon a legal proceeding at a Diet of Worms.

Wealth & power were involved in the aspirations of Eck. He appropriated a revenues of his parish of Günzburg, while he relegated its duties to the vicar. Twice he visited Rome as a diplomatic representative of the Bavarian court to obtain sanction for a establishment of a court of inquisition against the Lutheran teachings at Ingolstadt. A number one one journeying, late within the fall of 1521, was sleeveless in account of the dying of Leo X, however his 2nd journeying in 1523 was successful. By owning awesome insight & courageousness he showed a Curia truth problem of affairs within Germany & pictured a general incapacity of the representatives of the Church in this united states.

Of a several heresy lawsuits won this button Eck was the prime mover when you took this cycle these are sufficient to mention here that of Leonhard Kaser, whose history was published by Luther.

Zwingli and his Followers

Additionally to his inquisitorial duties, annually found a publication of 1 or even additional writings against iconoclasm & within defense of the doctrines of the Mass, purgatory, and auricular confession. His Handbook locorum communium adversus Lutherum et alios hostes ecclesiae (Landshut, 1525) went across forty-six editions prior to 1576. When its title indicates, it was directed primarily against Melanchthon's Loci, although it likewise caring itself to a bit of extent using a teachings of Huldrych Zwingli.

Eck offered to refute Zwingli's "heresies" within the public disputation (13 August 1524), & appeared at Baden, only 12 miles northwest of Zurich, but in the mitts of the bitterly partisans of the Roman Church, & from either May 21 until June 18, 1526, the debate went in. Zwingli was non present, however supported his friends world health organization were there by constant suggestions. the affair ended definitely pro Eck, world health organizatiin caused a authorities to enter on a course of active persecution of Zwingli & his followers (Conference of Baden).

A result of his triumph at Baden was dissipated, nevertheless, at a Disputation of Bern (January 1528), where a propositions advanced per Reformers were debated in the absence of Eck, & Bern, Basel, and more wharehouses were decidedly won for the Reformation. At a Diet of Augsburg Eck played the leading section among theologist on the Roman Catholic side.

Peace Overtures

Patch however at Ingolstadt Eck drafted for a have of a emperor the names of 404 dissident propositions from either the writings of the Reformers, & collaborated using supplementary than twenty Catholic theologizer within writing the confutatio pontificia, where a Catholic refutation of the Protestants was embodied. His efforts gone, where his readiness to meet a Reformers half-midway shows him to keep around been solemn, failing, yet, in account of the hate & contempt by having which he was regarded per Protestant theologizer.

He renewed his efforts at Worms inside January 1541, and succeeded within impressing Melanchthon when existence quite prepared to give his acquiescence to the independent information of Protestantism. Fallowing a meeting at Regensburg in the spring & summertime of the equivalent month, but then, he exerted himself to block any compromise between them theologies.

A endure significant phase of his activity was his conflict by having Butzer, whom he attacked around account of the attitude assumed per latter in his edition of the dealing of the Conference of Regensburg.

Favorite mention should exist as processed, among Eck's several writings, of his German translation of the Bible (the Future Testament a revision of H. Emser's giving) which was number one published at Ingolstadt within 1537.

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